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Related Concept Videos

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

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Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
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Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
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Ion Exchange01:17

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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In certain chromatographic separations, solutes transfer between the mobile phase and the stationary phase via sorption, which typically refers to the process of adsorption. For many chromatographic systems, the sorption process often depends on the polarity of the compounds—an expression of the overall dipole moment within the molecule. During the separation process, there is competition between the solute and solvent for adsorption to the stationary phase. Highly polar compounds and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR SSTD NMR: A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes
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Transient Solubility Gradients Mediate Oversaturation during Solvent Exchange.

Beng Hau Tan1, Claus-Dieter Ohl2, Hongjie An3

  • 1KB Corporation, 7500A Beach Road, 199591 Singapore.

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|June 25, 2021
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Summary

Solvent exchange enables dense nanodroplet formation by using two solvents. Transient solubility gradients, not just concentration, drive this process, explaining observed directional effects in nitrogen systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Surface Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Solvent exchange is a technique used for high-density nucleation of nanodroplets/nanobubbles.
  • The underlying physical mechanisms of solvent exchange efficacy are not well understood theoretically.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a minimal theoretical model for solvent exchange.
  • To explain the physical mechanisms behind solvent exchange's effectiveness in nucleation.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a minimal theoretical model.
  • Simulated solvent exchange using water and ethanol as solvents for nitrogen as the target species.

Main Results:

  • Solvent exchange is primarily driven by transient solubility gradients, not the intrinsic concentration gradient of the target species.
  • These solubility gradients dictate the direction of advection (toward or away from the substrate) based on the solvent exchange sequence (ethanol-water vs. water-ethanol).

Conclusions:

  • Transient solubility gradients are the key mechanism mediating solvent exchange during nucleation.
  • The model successfully explains the experimentally observed directionality of nanodroplet/nanobubble formation in solvent exchange processes.