Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity01:17

Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity

3.5K
In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. According to this theory, no matter in the universe can attain a speed greater than the speed of light in a vacuum, which thus serves as the speed limit of the universe.
This has been verified in many experiments. However, space and time are no longer absolute. Two observers moving relative to one another do not agree on the length of objects or the passage of time. The mechanics of objects based on Newton's laws of...
3.5K
Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

Inertial Frames of Reference

8.2K
Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
8.2K
Non-inertial Frames of Reference01:27

Non-inertial Frames of Reference

6.5K
A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
6.5K
Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions01:11

Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions

8.4K
Relative velocity is the velocity of an object as observed from a particular reference frame, or the velocity of one reference frame with respect to another reference frame. The concept of relative velocity can be used to describe motion in two dimensions. Consider a particle P and two reference frames S and S′. The position of the origin of S′ as measured in S is , the position of P as measured in S′ is , and the position of P as measured in S is , which can be evaluated by utilizing...
8.4K
The Uncertainty Principle04:08

The Uncertainty Principle

29.3K
Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...
29.3K
Relative Velocity in One Dimension01:10

Relative Velocity in One Dimension

9.2K
The understanding of the concept of reference frames is essential to discuss relative motion in one or more dimensions. When we say that an object has a certain velocity, we must state the velocity with respect to a given reference frame. In most examples, this reference frame has been Earth. For instance, if a statement reads that a person is sitting in a train moving at 10 m/s east, then it implies that the person on the train is moving relative to the surface of Earth at this velocity,...
9.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Indefinite Causal Order and Quantum Coordinates.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Sum of Entanglement and Subsystem Coherence Is Invariant under Quantum Reference Frame Transformations.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Quantum coordinates, localisation of events, and the quantum hole argument.

Communications physics·2025
Same author

Quantum reference frames for an indefinite metric.

Communications physics·2024
Same author

Locally Mediated Entanglement in Linearized Quantum Gravity.

Physical review letters·2023
Same author

Computational Advantage from a Quantum Superposition of Qubit Gate Orders.

Physical review letters·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

8.7K

Relativistic Bell Test within Quantum Reference Frames.

Lucas F Streiter1,2, Flaminia Giacomini1,2,3, Časlav Brukner1,2

  • 1Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.

Physical Review Letters
|June 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Entanglement and Bell's inequality violations for relativistic particles are frame-independent. Using quantum reference frames, maximal violation is achieved even without momentum postselection, enabling relativistic quantum communication.

More Related Videos

In Situ Measurement of Vacuum Window Birefringence using 25Mg+ Fluorescence
07:03

In Situ Measurement of Vacuum Window Birefringence using 25Mg+ Fluorescence

Published on: June 13, 2020

4.0K
Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

14.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 1, 2025

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

8.7K
In Situ Measurement of Vacuum Window Birefringence using 25Mg+ Fluorescence
07:03

In Situ Measurement of Vacuum Window Birefringence using 25Mg+ Fluorescence

Published on: June 13, 2020

4.0K
Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

14.8K

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Science
  • Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
  • Foundations of Physics

Background:

  • The frame dependence of entanglement and Bell's inequality violation for relativistic particles remains a significant open question.
  • Spin entanglement with momentum at relativistic speeds is central to this debate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether entanglement and Bell's inequality violations are frame-independent for massive relativistic particles.
  • To explore the role of quantum reference frames in analyzing relativistic quantum phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the methodology of quantum reference frames to transform the problem into a particle's rest frame.
  • Analyzed particle states that are superpositions of relativistic momenta in the laboratory frame.
  • Investigated noncollinear relative motion between particle pairs.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated maximal violation of Bell's inequalities in a special-relativistic regime without momentum postselection.
  • Identified optimal measurements involving coherent Wigner rotations for Bell's inequality violation in the laboratory frame.
  • Established the frame-independence of the degree of Bell's inequality violation.

Conclusions:

  • The degree of Bell's inequality violation is independent of the chosen quantum reference frame.
  • Results suggest the feasibility of extending entanglement-based quantum communication to relativistic regimes.