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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Living cells constantly carry out various chemical reactions which are necessary for their proper functioning. These reactions are interlinked to one another via multiple pathways. The collection of these chemical reactions is known as metabolism.
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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Metabolism encompasses all biochemical reactions in a living organism, facilitating both the breakdown and synthesis of biomolecules. These metabolic processes are categorized into catabolic and anabolic pathways, which operate in a coordinated manner to ensure energy balance and cellular function.Catabolic Pathways and Energy ReleaseCatabolic pathways involve the breakdown of complex macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins into smaller structures like monosaccharides, fatty...
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A drug's physicochemical properties fundamentally influence its metabolism. For instance, a drug's molecular size and shape critically determine its interaction with enzymes and transporters — larger drugs may face difficulty reaching enzyme active sites, altering their metabolic pathways. The pKa of a drug, which establishes its ionization state, can impact its solubility and absorption, thereby influencing metabolism.
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A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis
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A role for metabolism in determining neonatal immune function.

Sean R Holm1, Ben J Jenkins1, James G Cronin1

  • 1Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.

Pediatric Allergy and Immunology : Official Publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
|June 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Neonatal immune responses differ from adults due to unique cellular metabolism. Understanding neonatal immunometabolism is crucial for optimizing infant health and developing new therapies.

Keywords:
T cellsimmunometabolismmetabolic adaptationneonatal immunityumbilical cord blood

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Neonatal Health

Background:

  • Neonatal immune responses exhibit distinct characteristics compared to adults, including altered cytokine profiles and impaired memory function.
  • Cellular metabolism significantly influences immune cell function, but research has primarily focused on adults.
  • Studies on the role of metabolism in neonatal immunity are emerging, highlighting a gap in understanding early-life immune development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on neonatal immune responses.
  • To examine recent advancements in the field of neonatal immunometabolism.
  • To explore the potential impact of altered metabolism on the unique immune phenotype observed in neonates.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on neonatal immunity and metabolism.
  • Discussion of current findings and emerging trends in neonatal immunometabolism.
  • Analysis of the relationship between metabolic adaptations and neonatal immune function.

Main Results:

  • Neonatal immune cells display unique metabolic profiles that contribute to their distinct functional characteristics.
  • Altered cellular metabolism plays a significant role in shaping the neonatal immune system's phenotype.
  • Early-life metabolic adaptations are critical for both immediate and long-term health outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding neonatal immunometabolism is essential for improving infant health and well-being.
  • Insights into neonatal immunometabolism can inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex interplay between metabolism and immunity in early life.