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Lazarus's Cognitive Appraisal Theory01:20

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Cognitive psychologist Richard Lazarus proposed the cognitive-mediational theory of emotions, which emphasizes how individuals' assessments of stressors significantly affect their experience of stress. According to Lazarus, the stress response is determined by a two-step appraisal process: primary appraisal and secondary appraisal. These cognitive appraisals help individuals evaluate the potential impact of a stressor and determine the adequacy of their coping resources.
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Self-esteem, a central component of psychological well-being, is actively maintained through various cognitive and behavioral strategies. Individuals employ specific mechanisms to preserve a positive self-concept and mitigate threats to their self-worth, particularly in contexts involving social evaluation or personal feedback. Four primary techniques are commonly used to sustain self-esteem.Manipulating AppraisalsOne prominent strategy involves manipulating appraisals from others. Individuals...
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Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
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The Moral Distress-Appraisal Scale: Scale development and validation study.

Céline A Baele1, Johnny R J Fontaine1

  • 1Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

Journal of Advanced Nursing
|June 25, 2021
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Summary

A new scale effectively measures moral distress across healthcare professions, offering a reliable and valid tool for research and practice. This context-independent instrument aids in understanding and addressing moral distress impacts.

Keywords:
ethicsinstrument developmentmoral distressnursingoccupational healthscale validation

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Area of Science:

  • Healthcare professional well-being
  • Occupational health psychology
  • Nursing research

Background:

  • Moral distress, a significant issue in healthcare, negatively impacts professionals and is linked to adverse outcomes.
  • Existing measures for moral distress are often context-specific, hindering cross-setting comparisons.
  • A need exists for a universal, context-independent assessment tool for moral distress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Moral Distress-Appraisal Scale (MDAS) as a context-independent measure.
  • To assess the reliability and validity of the MDAS for use across diverse healthcare settings and professions.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional correlational validation study was conducted.
  • 406 healthcare employees (primarily nurses) completed the MDAS and a standard moral distress measure.
  • Confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson correlations, and regression analyses were used to evaluate psychometric properties.

Main Results:

  • The 8-item MDAS demonstrated a clear structure via confirmatory factor analysis.
  • The MDAS showed significant positive correlations with existing measures of moral distress, job demands, burnout, depressive symptoms, and turnover intentions.
  • The scale exhibited negative correlations with job resources and job satisfaction, and incremental validity in predicting well-being and attitudinal outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • The Moral Distress-Appraisal Scale is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing moral distress.
  • The MDAS offers a context-independent approach, applicable across various healthcare professions and settings.
  • This appraisal approach can enhance occupational health research and practice by facilitating standardized moral distress assessment.