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Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 1, 2025

Dry Powder and Nebulized Aerosol Inhalation of Pharmaceuticals Delivered to Mice Using a Nose-only Exposure System
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Particle-based coarse-grained approach for simulating dry powder inhaler.

Xiaoyu Liu1, Mostafa Sulaiman1, Jari Kolehmainen1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.

International Journal of Pharmaceutics
|June 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Two computational methods for dry powder inhaler (DPI) simulations were compared. The representative particle approach accurately predicts drug delivery performance, offering a computationally efficient alternative to traditional methods.

Keywords:
Coarse-grainingComputational fluid dynamicsDiscrete element methodDry powder inhaler

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Computational Fluid Dynamics
  • Particle Technology

Background:

  • Dry powder inhaler (DPI) drug delivery is complex, influenced by gas and particle dynamics.
  • Accurate simulation of carrier and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) particle interactions is crucial for predicting performance metrics like fine particle fraction (FPF) and dispersion fraction (DF).
  • Traditional Computational Fluid Dynamics coupled with Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) is computationally intensive due to the need to track individual particles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of two coarse-grained CFD-DEM approaches: the Discrete Parcel Method (DPM) and the representative particle (RP) approach.
  • To determine the accuracy and limitations of these methods, particularly for varying carrier-API size ratios.
  • To identify powder characteristics influencing FPF and DF using the validated RP approach.

Main Methods:

  • Performed highly-resolved CFD-DEM simulations to assess DPM and RP methods.
  • Compared simulation results against a full CFD-DEM model.
  • Investigated the impact of carrier-API size ratio on the performance of DPM and RP.

Main Results:

  • Both DPM and RP approaches are viable for small carrier-API size ratios.
  • DPM showed limitations with large carrier-API size ratios.
  • The RP approach achieved reasonable accuracy when including at least 10 representative API particles per carrier.
  • RP approach identified maximum carrier-API cohesive force as a key factor affecting FPF and DF.

Conclusions:

  • The representative particle approach offers a computationally efficient and accurate method for simulating DPI performance.
  • RP method enables effective investigation of powder properties influencing drug aerosolization.
  • This study provides a validated computational tool for optimizing DPI formulations.