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The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
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High-frequency trading and networked markets.

Federico Musciotto1, Jyrki Piilo2, Rosario N Mantegna3,4,5

  • 1Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, I-90128 Palermo, Italy.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Financial markets are evolving into complex networks. Transactions show persistent preferences between participants, with increasing interconnectedness and evolving high-frequency trading strategies over time.

Keywords:
complex networksfinancial marketshigh-frequency tradingstatistically validated networks

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Area of Science:

  • Quantitative Finance
  • Network Science
  • Computational Economics

Background:

  • Financial markets have undergone significant reorganization driven by technological innovation and regulatory changes.
  • Market fragmentation and high-frequency trading (HFT) have become prevalent, altering traditional market structures.
  • Modern financial markets function as complex sociotechnical systems with diverse interaction timescales.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the networked structure of financial markets using transaction data.
  • To identify persistent trading relationships and preferences among market participants.
  • To investigate the impact of technological and regulatory changes on market interconnectedness and HFT strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of three distinct transaction datasets from major market venues across different time periods (2004-2006, 2010-2011, 2018).
  • Application of complex network theory to model market participant interactions.
  • Statistical analysis to detect overexpressed and underexpressed transaction patterns and their persistence.

Main Results:

  • Stock markets exhibit networked structures with statistically significant, persistent preferences or avoidances in liquidity provision between participants.
  • A notable increase in the number and persistence of networked relationships was observed in recent years.
  • High-frequency traders' strategies have evolved, incorporating liquidity-consuming activities beyond liquidity provision.

Conclusions:

  • Contemporary stock markets are best understood as networked markets with persistent, non-random trading relationships.
  • Technological and regulatory innovations have demonstrably shaped the networked nature of financial markets.
  • The evolving strategies of high-frequency traders significantly impact market dynamics and liquidity.