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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Bracing: Upper and Lower Limb Orthoses.

Claudia A Wheeler1

  • 1LPG Physiatry, 765 Allens Avenue, Suite 110, Providence, RI 02905, USA.

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
|June 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bracing for polio and postpolio survivors optimizes joint position and muscle support to reduce falls and deformities. Proper use of orthoses improves gait and energy conservation, enhancing quality of life.

Keywords:
AFO (ankle-foot orthosis)DMU (double metal upright)KAFO (knee-ankle-foot orthosis)Leg length discrepancyRocker bottom shoeStance-control kneeWrist-hand orthosis)

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Area of Science:

  • Orthotics and Rehabilitation Science
  • Neuromuscular Disorders
  • Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Poliomyelitis survivors face increased risks of falls and injuries due to muscle weakness and joint instability.
  • Deformities and gait abnormalities are common challenges impacting mobility and energy conservation in polio survivors.
  • Existing bracing strategies aim to mitigate these issues but require patient adherence for optimal outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role and efficacy of bracing in managing polio and postpolio syndrome.
  • To highlight the benefits of orthotic interventions in improving joint position, muscle support, and overall function.
  • To identify patient characteristics associated with successful orthotic outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on bracing for polio and postpolio.
  • Analysis of orthotic applications in lower and upper extremities for gait optimization.
  • Discussion of factors influencing patient compliance and adaptation to orthotic devices.

Main Results:

  • Lower extremity orthoses are crucial for optimizing gait and preventing falls in polio survivors.
  • Upper extremity bracing is less common but addresses specific functional deficits.
  • Patient motivation and willingness to adapt gait are key predictors of successful orthotic intervention.

Conclusions:

  • Appropriate bracing is essential for polio survivors to reduce falls, prevent injuries, and manage deformities.
  • Orthotic devices significantly contribute to optimizing joint position, supporting weak muscles, and conserving energy.
  • Successful outcomes with bracing depend on patient selection, motivation, and consistent use of prescribed devices.