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App Usage Associated With Full Redemption of WIC Food Benefits: A Propensity Score Approach
Qi Zhang1, Junzhou Zhang2, Kayoung Park3
1School of Community and Environmental Health, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA.
Objective:
To examine the relationship between WICShopper application (app) usage and full redemption of Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food benefits.
Design:
A cross-sectional study.
Setting:
West Virginia WIC program.
Participants:
A total of 23,050 West Virginia WIC households in 2019.
Main Outcome Measures:
Full redemptions were defined as the redemption rate of ≥ 90% for a given food benefit.
Analysis:
App/non-app users were defined as households with someone using/not using the WICShopper app. Multivariate logistic regressions were applied. To address the potential self-selection bias in app usage, the propensity score (PS) of app usage was estimated. The regressions were rerun with the balanced sample by matching the PS.
Results:
With PS matching, the prevalence of full redemption at the household level was 7.2% for app users vs 4.7% for nonapp users (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.40-1.92; P < 0.001). App users had a higher prevalence of full redemption in most food categories, even with PS matching.
Conclusions And Implications:
Use of the WICShopper app was associated with a higher prevalence of full redemptions in most food benefits after controlling the self-selection bias.
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