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Related Concept Videos

Inducible Operons: lac Operon01:25

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

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The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA...
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Operons02:09

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Prokaryotes can control gene expression through operons—DNA sequences consisting of regulatory elements and clustered, functionally related protein-coding genes. Operons use a single promoter sequence to initiate transcription of a gene cluster (i.e., a group of structural genes) into a single mRNA molecule. The terminator sequence ends transcription. An operator sequence, located between the promoter and structural genes, prohibits the operon’s transcriptional activity if bound by...
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The Central Dogma01:20

The Central Dogma

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The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
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Regulation of Metabolism01:19

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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Measuring Lactase Enzymatic Activity in the Teaching Lab
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Lactylation, a Novel Metabolic Reprogramming Code: Current Status and Prospects.

An-Na Chen1, Yan Luo1, Yu-Han Yang1

  • 1Department of Translational Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|June 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lactate, a product of glycolysis, is a key energy source and signaling molecule. New research shows lactate influences immune cells and cellular plasticity through histone lactylation, impacting disease states like cancer.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Lactate is a crucial end product of glycolysis, serving as an energy source, gluconeogenesis precursor, and signaling molecule.
  • Emerging concepts include the lactate shuttle, homeostasis, and microenvironment interactions.
  • Lactate influences immune cell reprogramming and cellular plasticity, impacting disease-specific immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize emerging concepts in lactate metabolism.
  • To describe recent advances in lactate-induced histone modification (histone lysine lactylation).
  • To explore the link between lactate, epigenetic reprogramming, and disease states.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of emerging concepts in lactate metabolism.
  • Summary of recent findings on histone lysine lactylation.
  • Discussion of evidence linking lactate to cellular reprogramming and disease.

Main Results:

  • Lactate plays multifaceted roles in cellular metabolism and signaling.
  • Histone lysine lactylation is a novel epigenetic modification responsive to lactate.
  • Lactate-mediated epigenetic changes are implicated in cancer progression and drug resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Lactate significantly impacts cellular functions and immune responses.
  • Histone lactylation represents a key mechanism linking metabolic status to gene expression.
  • Epigenetic reprogramming by lactate is a critical factor in disease development and treatment outcomes.