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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
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Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 31, 2025

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COVID-19: Lung-Centric Immunothrombosis.

Peter R Kvietys1, Hana M A Fakhoury1, Sana Kadan1

  • 1College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
|June 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 causes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) through excessive immune responses. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to lung immunothrombosis, suggesting localized therapies for ARDS.

Keywords:
COVID-19NETSARS-CoV-2acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)coronaviruscytokine storm

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pulmonology
  • Virology

Background:

  • SARS-CoV-2 primarily infects the respiratory tract, potentially causing severe COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
  • Excessive innate immune responses, particularly involving neutrophils and cytokine release, are implicated in ARDS pathogenesis.
  • Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are a key component of the innate immune response but can also promote harmful inflammation and thrombosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of lung-centric immunothrombosis in the development of ARDS in COVID-19 patients.
  • To propose a localized therapeutic strategy targeting immunothrombosis in the lungs for managing COVID-19-induced ARDS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on SARS-CoV-2 infection, innate immunity, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and coagulation.
  • Analysis of the proposed mechanism linking viral infection, NET formation, and thrombus development in the pulmonary vasculature.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers an excessive innate immune response in the lungs.
  • Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to immunothrombosis by facilitating platelet and coagulation factor accumulation.
  • This localized immunothrombosis can lead to blood vessel occlusion and ischemic damage within the lungs.

Conclusions:

  • A lung-centric immunothrombotic process is a significant factor in COVID-19-related ARDS.
  • Targeting this localized immunothrombosis offers a potential therapeutic avenue for managing severe COVID-19 respiratory complications.