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Related Concept Videos

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors01:31

Transducer Mechanism: Nuclear Receptors

2.0K
Nuclear receptors, or NRs, are unique transcription factors that regulate gene transcription and affect the cellular pathways involved in reproduction, development, or metabolism. Their ability to be stimulated by small lipophilic ligands and control vital cellular processes makes them ideal drug targets. Nearly 10-15% of currently prescribed drugs target these receptors.
About 48 different soluble family members of nuclear receptors are identified that can be divided into two main classes:
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Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

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Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
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Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
2.8K
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
1.9K
Transcription01:10

Transcription

151.9K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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Transcription01:17

Transcription

26.6K
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
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Reverse Yeast Two-hybrid System to Identify Mammalian Nuclear Receptor Residues that Interact with Ligands and/or Antagonists
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Function and Evolution of Nuclear Receptors in Environmental-Dependent Postembryonic Development.

Jan Taubenheim1, Constantin Kortmann1, Sebastian Fraune1

  • 1Zoology and Organismic Interactions, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|June 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate animal development, controlling metamorphosis and sexual maturation. This review explores their environmental integration and evolutionary paths across species.

Keywords:
ecdysoneestrogenmetamorphosisnuclear receptor (NR)sexual maturationthyroid hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Nuclear receptors (NRs) are critical regulators of postembryonic development in animals.
  • They mediate key environmental-dependent transitions, including metamorphosis and sexual maturation.
  • NRs link environmental cues (e.g., nutrition, temperature) to developmental plasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of NR involvement in metamorphosis and sexual maturation across the animal kingdom.
  • To analyze the integration of environmental factors and the evolution of NR signaling mechanisms.
  • To compare signaling system commonalities and differences and identify knowledge gaps in NR evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on nuclear receptors in animal development.
  • Comparative analysis of NR signaling pathways across diverse animal taxa.
  • Identification of evolutionary trends and conserved mechanisms in NR function.

Main Results:

  • NRs are conserved mediators of phenotypic plasticity, coordinating crucial developmental decisions.
  • Specific NRs (steroid, thyroid, ecdysone receptors) control metamorphosis and sexual maturation in distinct lineages.
  • Environmental factors significantly influence NR-mediated developmental pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding NR evolution is crucial for comprehending the development of complex signaling systems and life history evolution.
  • Further research into NR evolutionary gaps will illuminate speciation events in metazoans.
  • NRs represent a fundamental link between environment and development across animal evolution.