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PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing01:10

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The sequence of removing or doffing PPE starts with the gloves, as they are the most contaminated. Next is removal of the face shield or goggles, as they would interfere with removing other PPE. Then remove the gown, followed by the mask or respirator. Perform hand hygiene between steps if hands become contaminated and immediately after removing all PPE. Generally, the outside front and sleeves of the isolation gown, the goggles or the mask, the respirator, and the face shield are contaminated.
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Tracheostomy care is an essential nursing skill that involves cleaning and maintaining a tracheostomy tube to prevent infection and other complications. Here's a step-by-step guide explaining each procedure with its rationale. Note that disposable gloves are to be worn at all times and changed as often as needed to maintain a sterile work environment, and to protect both patient and healthcare worker.
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene, and put on personal protective equipment: gown, gloves, mask...
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PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning01:22

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Donning PPE must be completed before contact with the patient. This process protects from infectious agents. The sequence and action included in each donning are critical, and the steps must be systematic to avoid exposure to pathogens. The institutional policy also needs to be followed while donning PPE. The pre-donning preparations are gathering equipment, inspecting the PPE equipment for tears, holes, or damage, removing jewelry, removing any garments below the elbows, and tying the hair...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 31, 2025

Determining Viral Disinfection Efficacy of Hot Water Laundering
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N95 respirator decontamination: a study in reusability.

C-G Wang1, Z Li1, S Liu1

  • 1Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, No. 08-03, 138634, Singapore.

Materials Today. Advances
|June 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Effective decontamination of N95 respirators is vital. Vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) and ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVC) methods were tested, with VHP showing superior efficacy for safe respirator reuse.

Keywords:
COVID-19DecontaminationN95RespiratorReuseSARS-CoV-2UVVaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP)

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Public Health
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic led to critical shortages of N95 respirators globally.
  • Effective decontamination methods are essential for N95 respirator reuse and supply chain resilience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically evaluate five decontamination methods for N95 respirators.
  • To assess the impact of decontamination on respirator integrity and performance.

Main Methods:

  • Testing bioburden, filtration efficiency, fluid resistance, and fit of decontaminated respirators.
  • Utilizing vaporized hydrogen peroxide (VHP) and ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVC) technologies.
  • Evaluating decontamination cycles ranging from 2 to 15.

Main Results:

  • Four VHP methods (BioQuell, custom container, Steris, Sterrad) achieved 3-log10 Cardiovirus and 6-log10 bacteria reduction without compromising respirator integrity.
  • Hope UVC system demonstrated 3-log10 Cardiovirus inactivation but had weaker bactericidal activity.
  • Decontamination batch sizes ranged from 10-1000 respirators with cycle times of 10-200 minutes.

Conclusions:

  • VHP-based decontamination methods are safe and effective for multiple N95 respirator reuses.
  • These validated methods support industrial, laboratory, and hospital applications, enhancing respirator availability.