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Related Concept Videos

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Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Venous thrombosis, the most common disorder of the veins, involves the formation of a thrombus or blood clot associated with vein inflammation. It can be classified as either superficial vein thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis.Superficial Vein Thrombosis: This involves the formation of a thrombus in a superficial vein, usually the greater or lesser saphenous vein. Though less severe than deep vein thrombosis (DVT), SVT can lead to complications if untreated.Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): This...
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The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 31, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assessing Ischemic Stroke Damage Through Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model
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Embolic stroke induced by rotational persistent 1st intersegmental artery compression.

Yasuhiro Takeshima1, Yasushi Motoyama1, Ichiro Nakagawa1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan.

British Journal of Neurosurgery
|June 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A middle-aged man experienced recurrent strokes due to compression of the left persistent 1st intersegmental artery (PFIA). Surgical fixation resolved the issue, preventing further strokes and highlighting PFIA as a cause of bow hunter's stroke.

Keywords:
Anomalybow hunter’s strokeembolic strokepositional vertebral artery occlusionstrokevertebral artery

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Vascular Surgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Cerebral infarctions in the vertebrobasilar artery territory can be debilitating.
  • Conservative treatment for recurrent strokes is not always effective.
  • Persistent 1st intersegmental artery (PFIA) anomalies are rarely associated with stroke.

Observation:

  • A 45-year-old man presented with multiple cerebral infarctions.
  • He experienced a second stroke despite conservative management.
  • Radiological imaging revealed an intra-arterial defect and mechanical compression of the left PFIA, particularly with head rotation.

Findings:

  • The defect in the left PFIA was suggestive of mural thrombus.
  • 3D reconstructed radiological images clearly demonstrated mechanical compression of the left PFIA.
  • No atlantoaxial instability was detected.

Implications:

  • This case suggests that PFIA can be associated with cerebral stroke, presenting as a form of bow hunter's stroke, even in middle-aged individuals.
  • Surgical posterior fixation successfully resolved the condition, preventing further strokes for 24 months.
  • 3D imaging is valuable for elucidating the complex pathophysiology of such conditions.