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Snowpacks decrease and streamflows shift across the eastern US as winters warm.

Chanse M Ford1, Anthony D Kendall1, David W Hyndman2

  • 1Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.

The Science of the Total Environment
|June 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Climate change is warming winters, reducing snowpack and altering streamflow in the eastern US. These shifts impact hydrology, infrastructure, and economies, affecting winter tourism and agriculture.

Keywords:
Climate changeEastern United StatesNon-alpine snowSnowmelt hydrologySpring streamflow

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrology
  • Climate Science

Background:

  • Global climate change is increasing winter temperatures, significantly impacting snowpack and snowmelt hydrology.
  • Research on snow dynamics in non-alpine regions remains limited, despite their importance for water resources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes in snowpack and winter/spring streamflow in the eastern US from 1960-2019.
  • To address the knowledge gap concerning snow hydrology in non-alpine environments under warming conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized daily data from weather stations and streamgages across the eastern US (water years 1960-2019).
  • Aggregated data by drainage basin and classified winters as 'warm' or 'cool' based on temperature deviations from the 60-year mean.
  • Statistically quantified seasonal and annual trends and differences between winter types.

Main Results:

  • Warm winters have become significantly more frequent, increasing from 0.39 to 3.96 per decade (1960s-2010s).
  • Warmer winters show reduced annual snowfall (avg. 50.1 cm less), shallower maximum snowpack (14.4 cm less), and more bare ground days (34 more).
  • Associated streamflow changes include earlier peak basin yields (3 days earlier) and lower peak yields (0.02 cm lower), alongside higher winter streamflows.

Conclusions:

  • Warming winters demonstrably alter snowpack characteristics and streamflow timing and volume in the eastern US.
  • These hydrological shifts have potential negative consequences for infrastructure, soil moisture, stream ecosystems, winter tourism, and agriculture.
  • Findings highlight the vulnerability of non-alpine regions to climate change impacts on snow-dependent systems.