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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

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The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
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Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 31, 2025

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters
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Evolution of mouse circadian enhancers from transposable elements.

Julius Judd1, Hayley Sanderson2, Cédric Feschotte3

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.

Genome Biology
|June 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Transposable elements like RSINE1 can become functional enhancers by acquiring regulatory motifs, especially near existing binding sites. This process contributes to gene regulation, particularly for circadian rhythms in the mouse liver.

Keywords:
Circadian rhythmsEnhancersGene regulationRegulatory evolutionTranscriptionTransposable elements

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Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element CRE Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster
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In Vivo Monitoring of Circadian Clock Gene Expression in the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Using Fluorescence Reporters
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are recognized sources of cis-regulatory variation.
  • TEs can be co-opted into functional enhancers regulating host gene expression.
  • The maturation process of TEs into complex regulatory elements is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate TE contribution to the cis-regulatory network controlling circadian gene expression in mouse liver.
  • Understand how transposons mature into functional enhancers.

Main Methods:

  • ChIP-seq analyses to identify transcription factor binding sites.
  • Sequence analyses to study TE motifs.
  • Reporter assays to test regulatory activity.

Main Results:

  • Transposons and repeats constitute ~14% of binding sites for core circadian regulators (CRs) in mouse liver.
  • RSINE1, a murine SINE, is enriched for CR binding sites.
  • RSINE1's regulatory activity arises from ancestral imperfect motifs that acquired mutations into canonical motifs post-transposition.
  • Maturation favored elements inserted near ancestral CR binding sites.
  • RSINE1 acquired motifs for nuclear receptors cooperating with CRs in liver circadian regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Enhancer formation from transposons depends on both the transposon's sequence and its genomic integration site's cis-regulatory landscape.