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The evolution of disgust for pathogen detection and avoidance.

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Disgust sensitivity aligns with pathogen risk. Objective and perceived risks accurately reflect local disease threats, supporting the behavioral immune system

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Psychology
  • Behavioral Ecology
  • Infectious Disease Epidemiology

Background:

  • The behavioral immune system theory proposes that disgust evolved to prevent pathogen exposure.
  • Cues signaling pathogen risk are expected to influence disgust sensitivity.
  • Limited research has explored the link between objective pathogen risk and disgust using global, ecologically valid data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between pathogen risk (objective and perceived) and individual differences in disgust sensitivity.
  • To examine if local communicable infectious disease mortality rates and perceived exposure predict pathogen and sexual disgust.
  • To assess these relationships within global samples and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Main Methods:

  • Study 1: Global sample (n=361) assessed perceived pathogen exposure and local infectious disease mortality rates against disgust sensitivity.
  • Study 2: Large sample (n=821) across US, Italy, Brazil, and India replicated Study 1, then analyzed SARS-CoV-2 risk (perceived and state case rates).
  • Statistical analyses examined unique variance explained by objective and perceived risk factors in disgust sensitivities.

Main Results:

  • Both local mortality rates and perceived exposure predicted pathogen and sexual disgust in Study 1.
  • In Study 2, perceived SARS-CoV-2 risk positively predicted disgust, while state case rates negatively predicted pathogen disgust.
  • Objective and subjective risk measures consistently correlated positively across both studies.

Conclusions:

  • Perceptions of pathogen risk accurately gauge objective, local mortality risks globally.
  • Both perceived and objective pathogen risks are significant predictors of disgust variation.
  • Findings provide foundational support for the behavioral immune system's role in pathogen avoidance.