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Fungal Phylum Ascomycota01:28

Fungal Phylum Ascomycota

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Phylum Ascomycota, a major division within the subkingdom Dikarya, comprises a diverse range of fungal species, including both unicellular yeasts and filamentous molds such as Aspergillus and Penicillium. These fungi thrive in a variety of habitats, from aquatic ecosystems to terrestrial environments, playing crucial ecological and economic roles.Morphology and ReproductionThe defining characteristic of Ascomycetes, commonly referred to as sac fungi, is the ascus—a sac-like structure that...
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Zygomycota, previously classified as a distinct fungal group, are primarily terrestrial, saprophytic molds that play a crucial role as decomposers. Recent phylogenetic studies have revealed that these fungi are now divided into two major clades — Mucoromycota, which includes many symbiotic species, and Zoopagomycota, which primarily consists of parasitic and pathogenic fungi. These groups exhibit distinct ecological roles and reproductive strategies while sharing key structural and...
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Fungal Phylum Basidiomycota01:26

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Basidiomycota is a diverse phylum of fungi that includes ecologically significant decomposers such as white rot fungi, symbionts like mycorrhizal fungi, plant pathogens such as rusts and smuts, and edible species like Agaricus bisporus (the common button mushroom). These fungi play crucial roles in nutrient cycling, symbiotic relationships, and even human health. Their defining feature is the basidium, a microscopic club-shaped structure responsible for producing basidiospores.Fruiting Bodies...
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Fungal Phylum Microsporidia01:28

Fungal Phylum Microsporidia

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Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...
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Coryneform bacteria are gram-positive, aerobic, nonmotile rods that exhibit irregular, club-shaped, or V-shaped arrangements. Their V-shape results from snapping division, where the inner cell wall layer forms the cross-wall, while the outer layer remains intact until it ruptures on one side, causing the daughter cells to bend away.The primary genera are Corynebacterium and Arthrobacter. Corynebacterium includes diverse species, ranging from saprophytes to pathogens like Corynebacterium...
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Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes more closely related to animals than other eukaryotes. Fungal cell walls comprise chitin, a polysaccharide that provides structural strength, and glucans, which contribute to flexibility and integrity. Other polysaccharides, such as mannans and galactosans, may supplement or replace chitin in some fungi. These adaptations, along with their preference for acidic environments and tolerance for high osmotic pressure, enable fungi to thrive in various...
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Aspergillus terreus Species Complex.

Cornelia Lass-Flörl1, Anna-Maria Dietl1, Dimitrios P Kontoyiannis2

  • 1Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews
|June 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Invasive infections caused by Aspergillus terreus species complex are increasing, posing a significant threat due to amphotericin B resistance and unique immune interactions. This review details Aspergillus terreus epidemiology, pathogenesis, and resistance mechanisms, contrasting it with Aspergillus fumigatus.

Keywords:
Aspergillus terreusaccessory conidiaaleurioconidiaamphotericin Bantifungal agentsdiagnosisepidemiologyfungal infectionsin vitro resistancein vivo resistance

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Mycology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pathogen Biology

Background:

  • Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) pose a significant threat, with Aspergillus species being major contributors.
  • While Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common, Aspergillus terreus complex infections are rising, particularly in at-risk populations.
  • Aspergillus terreus exhibits intrinsic amphotericin B resistance and distinct immune interactions compared to A. fumigatus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the microbiology, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of the Aspergillus terreus species complex.
  • To detail clinical characteristics and highlight mechanisms of amphotericin B resistance in Aspergillus terreus.
  • To contrast key features of Aspergillus terreus with Aspergillus fumigatus for improved clinical and research understanding.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing epidemiological data.
  • Analysis of microbiological and pathogenetic studies on Aspergillus terreus.
  • Comparative analysis of Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus fumigatus in terms of clinical presentation and treatment resistance.

Main Results:

  • Aspergillus terreus infections show increasing incidence and an expanding clinical spectrum, including chronic forms.
  • The Aspergillus terreus species complex is characterized by high potential for tissue invasion, dissemination, and mycotoxin production.
  • Intrinsic resistance to amphotericin B is a key feature of Aspergillus terreus, complicating treatment strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Aspergillus terreus represents a growing clinical challenge due to its increasing incidence, unique pathogenetic features, and antifungal resistance.
  • Understanding the specific characteristics of Aspergillus terreus is crucial for developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
  • This review serves as a resource for clinicians and researchers to address the challenges posed by this opportunistic pathogen.