Pyoluteorin Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in NSCLC Cells

Pyoluteorin is a natural occurring antibiotic and its anti-tumor activity has rarely been reported. This study aims to investigate the anti-tumor effects of pyoluteorin on human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. The cell proliferation was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptosis was determined through caspase3 activity assay and immunoblotting. Autophagy was measured by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and immunostaining. The autophagy-related proteins were detected through immunoblotting. We found that pyoluteorin showed significant anti-tumor effects on human NSCLC cell lines H1299 (IC₅₀ = 1.57 µM) and H2030 (IC₅₀ = 1.94 µM). Moreover, pyoluteorin could induce apoptosis and autophagy as evidence by the upregulation of caspase3 activity, the accumulation of LC3 and expression of apoptosis or autophagy related proteins. In addition, pyoluteorin induced autophagy through c-Jun N-terminal kinase/B-cell lymphoma-2 (JNK/Bcl-2) signal pathway. Blocking JNK/Bcl-2 pathway significantly attenuated pyoluteorin-induced autophagy. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or Beclin1 knockout greatly promoted pyoluteorin-induced apoptosis and cell death. Our results showed that pyoluteorin could induce both apoptosis and autophagy in human NSCLC cells. Combination of pyoluteorin with autophagy inhibitior significantly promoted pyoluteorin-induced apoptosis and may be a potential anticancer strategy in the NSCLC therapy.