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Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

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Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning.
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Double-headed nucleosides: Synthesis and applications.

Vineet Verma1, Jyotirmoy Maity2, Vipin K Maikhuri1

  • 1Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India.

Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
|July 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Double-headed nucleosides are valuable tools for understanding nucleic acid structures and exhibit antimicrobial properties. This review details their synthesis and biological uses, highlighting their versatility in research and medicine.

Keywords:
acyclic double-headed nucleosidesbicyclic double-headed nucleosidesfuranosyl double-headed nucleosidesmodified nucleosidespyranosyl double-headed nucleosides

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • Double-headed nucleosides are unique molecules with two nucleoside units.
  • These compounds are recognized for their potential in nucleic acid structure studies.
  • They also possess known antimicrobial activities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the synthetic strategies for creating double-headed nucleosides.
  • To explore the diverse biological applications of these compounds.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature on double-headed nucleosides.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of synthetic methodologies.
  • Analysis of reported biological activities.
  • Compilation of data on structural applications.

Main Results:

  • Various synthetic routes have been developed for double-headed nucleosides.
  • These molecules show promise as antimicrobial agents.
  • Applications in studying DNA/RNA secondary structures are significant.

Conclusions:

  • Double-headed nucleosides are versatile compounds with established synthetic routes.
  • Their dual role in structural biology and antimicrobial therapy warrants further investigation.
  • This review consolidates key information for researchers in the field.