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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
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The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell.
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Progress in phase-sensitive sum frequency generation spectroscopy.

Shoichi Yamaguchi1, Takuhiro Otosu

  • 1Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan. shoichi@apc.saitama-u.ac.jp.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|July 1, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phase-sensitive sum frequency generation (PS-SFG) spectroscopy enhances surface and interface analysis. This review details PS-SFG methods, highlighting their essential role in overcoming conventional SFG limitations for aqueous interfaces.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface science
  • Spectroscopy
  • Physical chemistry

Background:

  • Sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy is vital for molecular-level surface and interface analysis.
  • Conventional SFG has inherent drawbacks that limit its application.
  • Phase-sensitive SFG (PS-SFG) offers an advanced approach to overcome these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review phase-sensitive SFG (PS-SFG) methods developed between 1990 and 2020.
  • To explain the design and implementation of various PS-SFG techniques.
  • To demonstrate the essential role of PS-SFG in addressing challenges in aqueous interface studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of PS-SFG techniques developed over three decades.
  • Detailed explanation of interferometer implementation for optical heterodyne detection.
  • Inclusion of a recent numerical PS-SFG method not reliant on interferometry.

Main Results:

  • Compilation of diverse PS-SFG methods, including interferometer-based and numerical approaches.
  • Demonstration of PS-SFG's capability to solve previously intractable problems at aqueous interfaces.
  • Clarification of terminology issues associated with PS-SFG.

Conclusions:

  • PS-SFG is an essential advancement over conventional SFG for surface and interface investigations.
  • The reviewed methods showcase the versatility and power of PS-SFG.
  • PS-SFG provides crucial insights into molecular behavior at interfaces, particularly aqueous systems.