Three-Dimensional Printing Using a Maize Protein: Zein-Based Inks in Biomedical Applications.

Area of Science:

• Biomaterials Engineering
• Biotechnology
• Polymer Science

Background:

• Three-dimensional (3D) printing is rapidly advancing in biomedical applications.
• A limited selection of protein-based inks hinders broader adoption.
• Zein, a protein from maize, has potential as a novel biomaterial.

Purpose of the Study:

• To develop and characterize zein-based inks for 3D bioprinting.
• To assess the impact of plasticizers and maturation on ink properties.
• To demonstrate the utility of zein inks in diverse biomedical applications.

Main Methods:

• Zein protein was dissolved in ethanol with or without polyethylene glycol (PEG400).
• Rheological properties were analyzed over 21 days of maturation.
• Printability was optimized using a BioX bioprinter by adjusting extrusion pressure and velocity.
• Proof-of-concept applications included 3D structures, drug delivery tablets, and cell scaffolds.

Main Results:

• Zein-based inks exhibited increasing apparent viscosity over time.
• Polyethylene glycol (PEG400) addition reduced apparent viscosity.
• Optimal print fidelity was achieved with inks matured for 10–14 days.
• Successful printing of complex structures, drug delivery systems, and scaffolds was demonstrated.

Conclusions:

• Zein is a versatile and promising protein-based material for 3D printing in biomedical fields.
• Engineered zein inks offer tunable properties for specific applications.
• This work expands the portfolio of printable biomaterials for advanced tissue engineering and drug delivery.