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In power systems, the entire setup is divided into protective zones to isolate faults and protect the rest of the network. These zones include generators, transformers, buses, transmission lines, distribution lines, and motors. Each zone can be visualized as a separate room in a house, with each room protected by its own circuit breaker.
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Control Systems: Applications01:25

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Distribution reliability in electrical power systems is critical for ensuring an uninterrupted power supply to consumers at minimal cost. According to IEEE Standard Terms, reliability is the probability that a device will function without failure over a specified time period or amount of usage. For electric power distribution, this translates to maintaining continuous power supply and addressing customer concerns over power outages. Several indices, as defined by IEEE Standard 1366-2012, are...
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Control systems are everywhere in contemporary society, influencing diverse applications from aerospace to automated manufacturing. These systems can be found naturally within biological processes, such as blood sugar regulation and heart rate adjustment in response to stress, as well as in man-made systems like elevators and automated vehicles. A control system is essentially a network of subsystems and processes that collaboratively convert specific inputs into desired outputs.
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Radial System Protection01:23

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Radial systems employ time-delay overcurrent relays to reduce load interruptions. When a fault occurs, the nearest breaker opens first, while upstream breakers remain closed due to longer delay settings. This approach ensures minimal disruption to the rest of the system.
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A circuit breaker is a device engineered to interrupt fault currents and sometimes reclose automatically. When a fault current is detected, the breaker separates the electrical contacts, which generates an arc. This arc is extinguished by methods such as elongation, cooling, or splitting, depending on the breaker's design. Breakers are categorized based on the voltage they operate at and the medium used for arc extinction, such as air, oil, SF6 gas, or vacuum.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 31, 2025

Optimized Sealing Process and Real-Time Monitoring of Glass-to-Metal Seal Structures
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An efficient attribute-based access control system with break-glass capability for cloud-assisted industrial control

Yuanfei Tu1,2,3, Jing Wang1, Geng Yang2,3

  • 1College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China.

Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering : MBE
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a secure data access strategy for Industry 4.0 industrial control systems (ICS). It combines attribute-based encryption with emergency break-glass access, enhancing data security and operational efficiency.

Keywords:
asymmetric Type-3 pairingsattribute based accessbreak-glasscloud-assisted industrial control systemefficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Cybersecurity
  • Industrial Automation
  • Cloud Computing

Background:

  • Industry 4.0 relies on cloud-assisted industrial control systems (ICS) for automation.
  • Emerging cyber threats necessitate robust data security measures for ICS.
  • Attribute-based encryption (ABE) offers confidentiality and access control in open networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose an efficient access control strategy for cloud-assisted ICS.
  • To enable both attribute-based and emergency break-glass access modes.
  • To enhance data security and maintain timely service in industrial environments.

Main Methods:

  • Implemented a dual-access control strategy: attribute-based and emergency break-glass.
  • Utilized Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CP-ABE) with asymmetric Type-3 pairings.
  • Outsourced data decryption and policy updates to semi-trusted fog and cloud platforms.

Main Results:

  • The proposed scheme provides efficient attribute-based access control.
  • Emergency break-glass access allows overriding policies in critical situations.
  • Outsourcing decryption and updates reduces overhead for data consumers.

Conclusions:

  • The developed strategy effectively balances security and efficiency in ICS.
  • The use of asymmetric pairings enhances security and performance.
  • This approach is vital for secure and responsive industrial automation.