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A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
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A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Diffusion in Copper/Cobalt Systems under High Magnetic Fields.

Zhiwei Zhang1,2, Xiang Zhao1, Sadahiro Tsurekawa2

  • 1Key Laboratory for Anisotropy and Texture of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High magnetic fields enhance cobalt volume diffusion in copper by altering the frequency factor, not activation energy. This effect is linked to increased diffusion entropy due to magnetization-induced changes in vacancy concentration.

Keywords:
Cu/Co diffusion coupleatomic diffusionelectron probe micro analyzerfrequency factorhigh magnetic field

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Diffusion processes are crucial in materials science and engineering.
  • The influence of high magnetic fields on diffusion, particularly in ferromagnetic materials, remains under-explored.
  • Understanding these effects is key to developing advanced materials and processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of high magnetic fields on diffusion in a copper/cobalt diffusion couple.
  • To differentiate between volume and grain-boundary diffusion under varying magnetic field strengths and orientations.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for magnetic field-induced changes in diffusion.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a copper/cobalt diffusion couple using explosive welding to prevent pre-annealing diffusion.
  • Annealing the diffusion couple at temperatures between 1165-1265 K under high magnetic fields (0-6 T).
  • Analysis of diffusion profiles using an electron probe microanalyzer to quantify cobalt volume diffusion and copper grain-boundary diffusion.

Main Results:

  • High magnetic fields significantly increased the volume diffusivity of cobalt in copper.
  • No discernible effect of the high magnetic field was observed on the grain-boundary diffusivity of copper in cobalt.
  • The magnetic field's influence on volume diffusion was independent of the angle between diffusion and magnetic field directions (0° and 180°).

Conclusions:

  • High magnetic fields enhance volume diffusion by modifying the frequency factor, attributed to increased diffusion entropy via altered vacancy concentration due to magnetization.
  • Grain-boundary diffusion is not significantly affected by the applied high magnetic fields in this system.
  • The findings provide insights into the fundamental mechanisms of diffusion under extreme magnetic conditions.