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Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
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Developmental Dyslexia: Environment Matters.

Daniela Theodoridou1, Pavlos Christodoulides2, Victoria Zakopoulou3

  • 1Laboratory of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.

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Summary

Environmental stress may trigger developmental dyslexia (DD), a complex learning disorder. Early intervention is crucial for individuals with stress-related phenotypes.

Keywords:
HPA axisdevelopmental dyslexiaearly life stressstress-associated endophenotype

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Developmental dyslexia (DD) is a multifactorial disorder with identified susceptibility genes.
  • Environmental factors, particularly stress, are increasingly recognized as potential triggers for DD.
  • Genetic mutations alone do not fully explain the wide phenotypic spectrum observed in DD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the potential role of stress in the occurrence of developmental dyslexia.
  • To explore the epigenetic effects of stress on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in individuals with DD.
  • To highlight the need for early, individualized interventions based on stress-associated endophenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific evidence linking environmental stress and developmental dyslexia.
  • Analysis of the impact of early life stress on chromatin regulation, gene expression, and HPA axis function.
  • Discussion of potential epigenetic mechanisms and their long-term effects on stress response.

Main Results:

  • Early life stress is associated with an increased risk of multifactorial disorders, including DD.
  • Stress can influence gene expression and HPA axis function, potentially contributing to DD.
  • Evidence suggests stress-related epigenetic modifications may play a role in DD susceptibility.

Conclusions:

  • Stress is a significant environmental factor that may contribute to the development of DD.
  • Epigenetic modifications induced by stress could impact HPA axis function in individuals with DD.
  • Personalized early interventions targeting stress-associated endophenotypes are essential for managing DD.