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Subviral agents are infectious entities that resemble viruses but lack one or more viral components, such as a capsid or essential replication machinery. These agents include viroids, prions, and satellites, each possessing distinct structural and functional characteristics that influence their mode of infection and replication.Viroids are the simplest subviral agents, consisting of circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat. They exclusively infect plants, relying entirely...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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HDV-Like Viruses.

Jimena Pérez-Vargas1, Rémi Pereira de Oliveira1, Stéphanie Jacquet2

  • 1CIRI-Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, F-69007 Lyon, France.

Viruses
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) can use various viruses, not just Hepatitis B virus (HBV), as helpers. This finding broadens our understanding of HDV

Keywords:
HDV-like virusesevolutionhelper virusorigin

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective virus requiring a helper virus for its envelope proteins.
  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was traditionally considered the sole helper for HDV.
  • Recent discoveries reveal HDV-like viruses in diverse hosts without HBV association.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the broader range of helper viruses for HDV.
  • To explore the evolutionary implications of HDV's host-jumping capabilities.
  • To challenge the established understanding of HDV-helper virus interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on HDV and related viruses in various hosts.
  • Analysis of experimental infections with HDV and unrelated enveloped viruses.
  • Comparative genomics and evolutionary analysis of deltaviruses.

Main Results:

  • HDV-like viruses detected in fish, birds, amphibians, and invertebrates.
  • Experimental propagation of HDV by Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and flaviviruses (Dengue, West Nile virus).
  • Identification of novel deltaviruses in hosts lacking HBV.

Conclusions:

  • Deltaviruses can utilize a wide array of unrelated enveloped viruses as helpers.
  • The findings suggest a broader host range and evolutionary flexibility for deltaviruses.
  • This expands the known host tropism and challenges the origins and evolution theories of HDV.