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Fluorescence in situ hybridization, or FISH, was developed in the early 1980s and has quickly become one of the most widely used techniques in cytogenetics. Labeled probes are used to bind complementary DNA or RNA sequences on a chromosome or in a region within a cell. Earlier, the probes could only be obtained by cloning or reverse transcription of a DNA template. Currently, the probe oligonucleotides can be synthesized synthetically. Additionally, with the advancement of optical techniques,...
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The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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FISH for Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis
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Fish Cytogenetics: Present and Future.

Anna Rita Rossi1

  • 1Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin", Sapienza-Università di Roma, Via Alfonso Borelli 50, 00161 Rome, Italy.

Genes
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Fish represent the most diverse vertebrate class, encompassing approximately half of all vertebrate species. This highlights their significant evolutionary success and ecological importance.

Area of Science:

  • Ichthyology
  • Vertebrate Zoology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Fish constitute the most species-rich vertebrate class.
  • They represent approximately 50% of all known vertebrate species.
  • Understanding fish diversity is crucial for comprehending vertebrate evolution.

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