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Free Jet

Free Jet

Free jets describe the flow of liquid exiting a reservoir through an opening into the atmosphere without resistance. The velocity (v) of the liquid jet is derived using Bernoulli's principle and expressed as:

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Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow

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Published on: February 27, 2016

Numerical Study of the Micro-Jet Formation in Double Flow Focusing Nozzle Geometry Using Different Water-Alcohol

Grega Belšak¹, Saša Bajt^2,3, Božidar Šarler^1,4

¹Laboratory for Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|July 2, 2021

Summary

Computational models show that binary liquid mixtures can create longer, thinner, and faster micro-jets than single liquids. Water + 2-propanol mixtures show promise for optimizing gas-focused micro-jets in crystallography.

Keywords:

double flow focusing nozzle micro-jets water + 2-propanol mixture water + ethanol mixture

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Last Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow

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Published on: February 27, 2016

Cryogenic Liquid Jets for High Repetition Rate Discovery Science

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Published on: May 9, 2020

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Published on: April 17, 2015

Area of Science:

Fluid dynamics
Materials science
Biophysics

Background:

Gas-focused micro-jets are crucial for sample delivery in serial femtosecond crystallography.
Understanding liquid mixture behavior is key to optimizing micro-jet properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To computationally determine if binary liquid mixtures produce superior gas-focused micro-jets compared to pure components.
To investigate optimal mixture compositions for enhanced micro-jet characteristics.

Main Methods:

Numerical simulations of binary liquid mixtures (water + ethanol, water + 2-propanol) in a double flow focusing nozzle.
Analysis of micro-jet length, diameter, and velocity.

Main Results:

Optimal mixtures for maximizing jet length were identified in both water + ethanol and water + 2-propanol systems.
Water + 2-propanol mixtures yielded a 34% increase in jet length compared to water + ethanol.
Pure alcohols (ethanol, 2-propanol) produced the smallest diameter and fastest jets.

Conclusions:

Binary liquid mixtures, particularly water + 2-propanol, can enhance gas-focused micro-jet performance.
Liquid viscosity significantly influences micro-jet breakup in flow focusing nozzles.
Water + 2-propanol mixtures appear slightly more advantageous than water + ethanol for micro-jet optimization.