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Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels.

Mirjana Babić Leko¹, Ivana Gunjača¹, Nikolina Pleić¹

¹Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|July 2, 2021

Summary

Environmental factors significantly impact thyroid hormones. Lifestyle choices like smoking and diet, along with pollutants, alter thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormone levels, highlighting gene-environment interactions in thyroid health.

Keywords:

TSH chemicals diet environmental factors lifestyle factors pollutants thyroid hormones

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Environmental Health
Toxicology

Background:

Thyroid hormones are vital for physiological functions.
Understanding factors influencing thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones is crucial.
Genetic factors explain significant variations, but environmental influences are also key.

Purpose of the Study:

To review studies on environmental factors affecting TSH and thyroid hormone levels in healthy adults.
To analyze the impact of lifestyle factors and pollutants on thyroid function.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on environmental factors and thyroid function.
Inclusion of lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol, diet, exercise) and pollutants (chemicals, heavy metals).

Main Results:

Inconsistencies noted across studies, complicating definitive conclusions.
Strongest associations found with smoking, body mass index (BMI), and iodine intake.
Smoking decreased TSH and increased T3/T4; BMI correlated positively with TSH/free T3; excess iodine increased TSH and decreased thyroid hormones.
Perchlorate exposure was linked to decreased thyroid hormone levels.

Conclusions:

Environmental factors, particularly lifestyle and pollutants, demonstrably influence thyroid hormone levels.
Further research is needed to elucidate gene-environment interactions in thyroid disease pathology.