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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Cleavage and Blastulation01:33

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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Spermatogenesis01:41

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond
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Contextualizing Autophagy during Gametogenesis and Preimplantation Embryonic Development.

Marcelo T Moura1, Laís B Latorraca1, Fabíola F Paula-Lopes1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Campus Diadema, Federal University of Sao Paulo-UNIFESP, Diadema 09972-270, SP, Brazil.

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Cellular homeostasis in mammals is maintained by autophagy, a recycling process crucial for survival under stress. This review examines autophagy

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Reproductive biology

Background:

  • Mammalian cells employ stress-coping mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.
  • Autophagy is a vital lysosome-mediated pathway for cellular recycling and survival.
  • Autophagy's role varies with developmental and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of autophagy in mammalian gametogenesis, fertilization, and preimplantation development.
  • To explore autophagy's physiological functions during development and under stress.
  • To consider autophagy in the context of assisted reproduction technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of autophagy research.
  • Analysis of studies on mammalian germ cells and preimplantation embryos.
  • Examination of autophagy's response to environmental stressors.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy is essential for cellular homeostasis and survival in mammals.
  • Autophagy flux is dynamic and context-dependent during development.
  • Autophagy plays critical roles in gamete and early embryo development.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy is a key pro-survival mechanism in mammalian reproduction.
  • Understanding autophagy is crucial for improving assisted reproduction outcomes.
  • Further research into autophagy's regulation is warranted.