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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
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Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis as a Promising Tool to Study Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming.

Hyun Kyu Kim1, Tae Won Ha1, Man Ryul Lee1

  • 1Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soon Chun Hyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This review explores single-cell analysis techniques, focusing on their application in understanding cell fate determination and disease mechanisms. It highlights ongoing studies in pluripotent stem cells and reprogramming, forecasting future research directions.

Keywords:
heterogeneityinduced pluripotent stem cellpluripotent stem cellsingle-cell mRNA sequencingsomatic cell reprogramming

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genomics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Cells are fundamental to all life processes, including proliferation, differentiation, senescence, and apoptosis.
  • The human body comprises over 30 trillion cells, originating from a single fertilized egg through organized division and differentiation.
  • The Human Cell Atlas initiative aims to map cells at the single-cell level to elucidate disease mechanisms and cellular functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current single-cell analysis techniques.
  • To present ongoing single-cell studies in pluripotent stem cells and reprogramming.
  • To forecast future research in single-cell biology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent single-cell analysis technologies.
  • Analysis of current research in pluripotent stem cells and cellular reprogramming.
  • Synthesis of findings to predict future study directions.

Main Results:

  • Single-cell transcriptome analysis is crucial for understanding cell fate determination.
  • Ongoing studies are advancing single-cell insights into stem cell biology and reprogramming.
  • The field is rapidly evolving with new techniques and applications.

Conclusions:

  • Single-cell analysis is key to unraveling complex biological processes and diseases.
  • Further research in pluripotent stem cells and reprogramming using single-cell techniques holds significant promise.
  • Future studies will likely focus on refining methodologies and expanding applications across various biological systems.