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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes01:07

Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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The theory of catalytically perfect enzymes was first proposed by W.J. Albery and J. R. Knowles in 1976. These enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions at high-speed. Their catalytic efficiency values range from 108-109 M-1s-1. These enzymes are also called 'diffusion-controlled' as the only rate-limiting step in the catalysis is that of the substrate diffusion into the active site. Examples include triose phosphate isomerase, fumarase, and superoxide dismutase.
 
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Introduction to Enzymes01:22

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The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Wilhelm Kuhne coined the term 'enzyme' in 1877 from the Greek words ‘en’ meaning ‘in’ or ‘within’ and ‘zyme’ meaning ‘yeast.’
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For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes...
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Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. The speed at which the enzyme turns reactants into products is called the rate of reaction. Several factors impact the rate of reaction, including the number of available reactants. Enzyme kinetics is the study of how an enzyme changes the rate of a reaction.
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Enzymes02:34

Enzymes

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Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the activation energies of biochemical reactions by forming complexes with its substrates. The lowering of activation energies favor an increase in the rates of biochemical reactions.
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Biofunctionalized Prussian Blue Nanoparticles for Multimodal Molecular Imaging Applications
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Prussian Blue: A Nanozyme with Versatile Catalytic Properties.

Joan Estelrich1,2, M Antònia Busquets1,2

  • 1Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Avda Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Nanozymes, nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity, offer superior stability and diverse applications. Prussian blue nanoparticles, a type of nanozyme, exhibit promising catalytic functions for biomedical and environmental uses.

Keywords:
Prussian blue analoguesROS generationROS-scavengecatalase-like activityhybrid nanoparticlesmulticatalytic activityredox potentialsuperoxide dismutase-like activity

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nanozymes are nanomaterials with enzyme-like activities, offering advantages over natural enzymes like enhanced stability.
  • They show potential in biomedical applications (diagnostics, therapeutics) and environmental applications (pollutant detection/remediation).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the catalytic properties of Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBPs) as nanozymes.
  • To highlight their potential in generating or scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of Prussian blue nanoparticles as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs).
  • Evaluation of their catalytic activities, including peroxidase-like, catalase-like, and superoxide dismutase-like functions.

Main Results:

  • Prussian blue nanoparticles exhibit excellent biocompatibility and biosafety.
  • Their iron-containing structure facilitates multicatalytic activities.
  • These nanoparticles can modulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels.

Conclusions:

  • Prussian blue nanoparticles are effective nanozymes with significant potential in various fields.
  • Their tunable catalytic properties make them versatile for biomedical and environmental applications.