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Related Concept Videos

Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Cross-reactivity00:42

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Production of E. coli-expressed Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Vaccines Requiring Trimeric Epitope Presentation
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Multi-Subunit SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Design Using Evolutionarily Conserved T- and B- Cell Epitopes.

Burkitkan Akbay1, Syed Hani Abidi2, Mahmoud A A Ibrahim3

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan.

Vaccines
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A novel vaccine design targets conserved regions of human coronaviruses (HCoV) to protect against SARS-CoV-2 variants. This multi-epitope vaccine shows potential for broad protection with minimal adverse effects.

Keywords:
MERSSARS-CoVSARS-CoV-2epitopehuman coronavirusesvaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic necessitates new vaccine strategies due to emerging variants.
  • Current vaccines show reduced efficacy against certain SARS-CoV-2 variants.
  • Human coronaviruses (HCoV) share sequence similarities with SARS-CoV-2, offering potential for cross-protective vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify conserved T and B cell epitopes across major human coronaviruses (HCoV) for vaccine development.
  • To design a multi-subunit vaccine construct targeting these conserved epitopes.
  • To evaluate the predicted properties and immunogenicity of the designed vaccine.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatics analysis of spike, membrane, nucleocapsid, and envelope proteins from seven major HCoVs.
  • Identification of evolutionarily conserved T and B cell epitopes.
  • In silico vaccine construct design, property prediction (solubility, stability, half-life, allergenicity, toxicity), and molecular docking with toll-like receptor 4.
  • Immune simulation to predict T and B cell responses (IgG, IgM, cytotoxic T cells).

Main Results:

  • Identified twelve T cell and six B cell epitopes conserved among HCoVs.
  • Designed vaccine construct predicted to be water-soluble, stable, with a long half-life, and low toxicity/allergenicity.
  • Docking confirmed stable complex formation with toll-like receptor 4.
  • Immune simulations predicted strong IgG, IgM, and cytotoxic T cell responses.

Conclusions:

  • The designed multi-subunit vaccine, based on conserved HCoV epitopes, shows potential for broad protection against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
  • The vaccine construct exhibits favorable predicted physicochemical and immunological properties.
  • This approach offers a promising strategy for developing effective and safe pan-coronavirus vaccines.