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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

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Keratinocytes Regulate the Threshold of Inflammation by Inhibiting T Cell Effector Functions.

Peter Seiringer1,2, Stefanie Eyerich2, Kilian Eyerich1,2

  • 1Division of Dermatology and Venerology, Department of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.

Cells
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Human keratinocytes, skin

Keywords:
T cell effector functionsT cellskeratinocytesskin barrierskin immune homeostasis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Keratinocytes are crucial for skin's first-line defense.
  • Limited understanding of keratinocyte interactions with immune cells.
  • Investigating keratinocyte impact on T cell functions in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the effect of human keratinocytes on T cell effector functions.
  • To elucidate the role of keratinocytes in modulating immune responses in ACD.
  • To identify mechanisms behind keratinocyte-mediated T cell inhibition.

Main Methods:

  • Antigen-specific in vitro model of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) using nickel sulfate.
  • Co-culture of human keratinocytes and T cells.
  • Transwell chamber experiments and analysis of keratinocyte supernatant.
  • Assessment of T cell proliferation and cytokine production.

Main Results:

  • Keratinocytes partially inhibited T cell proliferation and cytokine production.
  • Inhibition was dependent on keratinocyte/T cell ratio and mediated by soluble factors.
  • Effect was partially reversible with increased dendritic cells and abrogated by paraformaldehyde fixation.
  • Keratinocyte-induced suppression was independent of T cell subtype and antigen presentation.

Conclusions:

  • Keratinocytes play a critical role in regulating skin inflammatory processes.
  • Soluble factors secreted by keratinocytes suppress T cell proliferation and cytokine production.
  • Keratinocytes act as key regulators controlling the threshold of skin inflammation.