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Viral Bad News Sent by EVAIL.
Matthias Clauss1, Sarvesh Chelvanambi2, Christine Cook3
1IU School of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
Viruses
|July 2, 2021
Summary
Viruses can use extracellular vesicles (EVs) to spread inflammation and cause cardiovascular issues. This review explores how HIV uses EVs, like those carrying the Nef protein, and if SARS-CoV-2 does too.
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Immunology
- Cardiovascular Science
Background:
- Viruses traditionally cause disease via infection and host response, leading to cytokine release and cardiovascular complications.
- An alternative viral pathogenic pathway involves the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review how viruses utilize Extracellular Vesicle Assisted Inflammatory Load (EVAIL) for pathologic activities.
- To highlight human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a model for EV-mediated cardiovascular pathology.
- To discuss the potential role of EVs in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of current knowledge on viral EVs and their role in disease.
- Focus on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-derived EVs and the accessory protein Nef.
- Discussion of extracellular vesicle (EV) production in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Main Results:
- HIV-encoded Nef protein in EVs from infected individuals can induce endothelial and cardiovascular dysfunction.
- EVs represent a mechanism for viruses to deliver proinflammatory cargo and promote pathology.
- The role of EV production in SARS-CoV-2-mediated pulmonary and cardiovascular issues is under investigation.
Conclusions:
- Extracellular vesicle assisted inflammatory load (EVAIL) is a significant viral pathogenic mechanism.
- HIV utilizes EVs, particularly those containing Nef, to drive cardiovascular disease.
- Further research is needed to determine if SARS-CoV-2 employs similar EV-mediated pathogenic strategies.
Keywords:
HIVNefSARS-CoV-2antiretroviral therapycardiovascular diseaseextracellular vesiclesviral infectionMore Related Videos
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