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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

The Uncertainty Principle

The Uncertainty Principle

Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...

The de Broglie Wavelength

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...

The Bohr Model

The Bohr Model

Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as...

The Wave Nature of Light

The Wave Nature of Light

The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms and was able to demonstrate that white light consists of the individual colors of the rainbow combined together. Newton explained his optics findings in terms of a "corpuscular" view of light, in which light was composed of streams of extremely tiny particles traveling at high speeds according to Newton's laws of motion.

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Timelessness Strictly inside the Quantum Realm.

¹Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)

|July 2, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum systems may not experience time as we do, suggesting limited reality for quantum objects. This timelessness offers a link between the quantum realm and our experienced classical world.

Keywords:

Big Bang causality in 1 real world inflation interpretations records relational time timelessness

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Last Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

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Published on: June 8, 2018

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Area of Science:

Quantum Physics
Foundations of Reality

Background:

Time is a fundamental aspect of classical reality.
Quantum systems are embedded within the classical world.
Quantum preparations and measurements impact environmental entropy.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the concept of time within isolated quantum systems.
To propose a new perspective on quantum reality and interpretation.
To link fundamental quantum phenomena to macroscopic experience.

Main Methods:

Analysis of quantum systems' interaction with the environment.
Application of the Landauer Principle for irreversibility.
Use of paradigmatic examples like double-slit experiments and tunneling.

Main Results:

Quantum objects may exist in a state of timelessness.
Environmental entropy records quantum processes, establishing irreversibility.
A 'timelessness' label can enhance the realism of quantum interpretations.

Conclusions:

The experience of time in quantum systems differs from classical perception.
Understanding quantum timelessness provides a bridge to classical reality.
This perspective offers a more 'realistic' and acceptable view of quantum physics.