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Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress01:25

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials under Plane Stress

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In designing structural elements and machine parts using ductile materials, it is crucial to ensure that these components withstand applied stresses without yielding. Yielding is initially determined through a tensile test, which evaluates the material's response to uniaxial stress. However, tensile stress is insufficient when components face biaxial or plane stress conditions This condition requires advanced criteria to predict failure.
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Non-destructive Tests for Concrete Strength01:12

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The rebound hammer test, also known as the Schmidt hammer test, is a non-destructive technique for evaluating the hardness of concrete and, indirectly, the strength of concrete. It operates on the principle that the rebound of a spring-driven mass from a concrete surface correlates to the surface's hardness. The device comprises a mass within a tubular housing, a spring mechanism, and a plunger that strikes the concrete. Upon release, the energy imparted to the mass by the spring causes it...
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Impact strength in concrete is a critical measure that reflects the material's capability to endure the forces applied during pile driving and when supporting machinery foundations that experience impulsive loads. It is also essential when handling precast concrete components to prevent accidental damage. The impact strength is assessed by observing the concrete's resistance to repeated impacts and energy absorption capacity. A key indicator of significant damage to concrete is when it...
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Brittle materials, including glass, cast iron, and stone, exhibit unique characteristics. They fracture without considerable change in their elongation rate, indicating that their breaking and ultimate strength are equivalent. Such materials also show lower strain levels at the point of rupture. The failure in brittle materials predominantly results from normal stresses, as evidenced by the rupture created along a surface perpendicular to the applied load. These materials do not display...
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Design Consideration

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Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
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Sulfate attack on concrete is a deterioration process characterized by a whitish discoloration beginning at the edges and corners, accompanied by cracking and spalling. This phenomenon occurs when sulfates react with the components of hardened concrete, forming compounds like calcium sulfate and calcium sulfoaluminate which occupy more space than the substances they replace, causing the concrete to expand and disrupt.
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Highly Dissipative Materials for Damage Protection against Earthquake-Induced Structural Pounding.

Anna M Stręk1, Natalia Lasowicz2, Arkadiusz Kwiecień1

  • 1Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 2, 2021
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Summary

A novel polymer-metal composite effectively mitigates earthquake-induced structural pounding. This material enhances energy absorption by up to 49% compared to traditional polymer bumpers, protecting buildings from seismic damage.

Keywords:
earthquakesmetal foampolymer–metal compositepolyurethanestructural pounding

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Civil Engineering
  • Mechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Earthquake-induced structural pounding poses a significant risk to adjacent civil engineering structures, potentially causing severe damage or collapse.
  • Viscoelastic materials offer an effective solution for preventing seismic pounding by filling the gap between buildings.
  • There is a need for advanced materials that can efficiently absorb impact energy during seismic events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and evaluate a new polymer-metal composite material for seismic pounding energy absorption.
  • To investigate the performance of the composite with and without an adhesive interface under various loading conditions.
  • To compare the energy absorption capabilities of the composite against uniform polymer and metal foam specimens.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a polymer-metal composite using polyurethane and closed-cell aluminum foam, with and without an adhesive interface.
  • Experimental testing including quasi-static compression, dynamic uniaxial compression, and low-cycle dynamic compression (10 loops at 10% strain).
  • Comparative analysis of the composite's behavior against standalone polymer and metal foam specimens.

Main Results:

  • The composite material with a bonding layer demonstrated improved maximum energy absorption efficiency by 34% (quasi-static) and 49% (dynamic) compared to a sole polymer bumper.
  • The proposed composites dissipated 35%–44% of absorbed energy during cyclic loading, significantly outperforming the polymer specimen (25%).
  • The composite maintained satisfactory dissipative properties throughout low-cycle loading, dissipating an additional 100%–300% of the energy from the first loading-unloading loop.

Conclusions:

  • The novel polymer-metal composite is a highly effective material for seismic pounding energy absorption.
  • The inclusion of an adhesive interface significantly enhances the energy absorption efficiency and cyclic performance of the composite.
  • This material offers a promising solution for mitigating earthquake-induced damage in adjacent structures.