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Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages01:30

Lytic Cycle of Bacteriophages

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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Phagocytosis00:41

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Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
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Bacteriophage Effectiveness for Biocontrol of Foodborne Pathogens Evaluated via High-Throughput Settings
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Bacteriophage Encapsulation in pH-Responsive Core-Shell Capsules as an Animal Feed Additive.

Kerry Richards1, Danish J Malik1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.

Viruses
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Encapsulating bacteriophages in pH-responsive capsules protects them from heat and acid stresses. This innovation enhances phage viability for animal feed applications, combating antibiotic resistance in food animals.

Keywords:
animal feedantibiotic resistancebacteriophagesbiocontrolcontrolled releasecore-shell capsulesmicrobiome engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Food Science
  • Veterinary Medicine

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance in zoonotic bacteria poses risks to animal agriculture and human health.
  • Bacteriophages offer a potential alternative to antibiotics for controlling infections in food animals.
  • Current methods face challenges in protecting phages during feed processing and transit through the animal digestive system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate core-shell capsules for protecting bacteriophages.
  • To assess phage viability under processing and gastrointestinal stresses.
  • To improve bacteriophage formulations for animal feed biocontrol.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of core-shell capsules using a concentric nozzle and microemulsion formulation.
  • Testing pH-responsive capsule release in simulated gastrointestinal conditions.
  • Evaluating phage stability against thermal (95°C wet heat) and acid (pH 1) stresses.

Main Results:

  • Core-shell capsules successfully encapsulated bacteriophages in an oil-in-water microemulsion.
  • Capsules demonstrated pH-responsive release within 10-30 minutes in simulated lower GI conditions.
  • Encapsulated phages showed significant stability against 95°C heat and pH 1, unlike free phages.

Conclusions:

  • Encapsulation in pH-responsive core-shell capsules greatly enhances bacteriophage viability.
  • This formulation strategy addresses critical processing and environmental challenges for phage application in animal feed.
  • The findings support the development of effective phage-based biocontrol agents for sustainable animal agriculture.