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Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
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Nursing management is essential for preventing complications, maintaining stability, and improving patients' quality of life in chronic kidney disease (CKD). By using a structured approach, nurses help slow CKD progression and support effective patient care​.1. Comprehensive patient assessmentEffective management begins with nurses reviewing the patient’s medical history, and identifying key risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, and nephrotoxic drug use. Nurses assess signs of...
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Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:28

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaborative and comprehensive management. CKD progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if untreated. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial, enabling patients to manage their health and improve their quality of life.Diagnostic approach for chronic kidney diseaseThe diagnosis of CKD primarily focuses on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function by measuring how well...
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Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations01:29

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Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) progresses through distinct clinical phases: the oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases, each marked by unique manifestations and challenges.Oliguric Phase:The oliguric phase is the initial stage of AKI, typically lasting 10 to 14 days. This phase is marked by a significant reduction in urine output, usually less than 400 mL per day, indicating decreased kidney function. Fluid retention is a prominent feature, leading to symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and...
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Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
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Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Assessment of Vascular Function in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
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Erythrogram Patterns in Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Ilaria Lippi1, Francesca Perondi1, George Lubas1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, 56122 San Piero a Grado (Pisa), Italy.

Veterinary Sciences
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anemia is common in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD), often non-regenerative. Severity increases with CKD progression, showing morphological changes in advanced stages.

Keywords:
CKDanemiadogerythrogram

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Hematology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Anemia is a frequent complication in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  • The characteristics of anemia in CKD dogs are typically normochromic, normocytic, and non-regenerative.
  • Anemia severity correlates with the progression of kidney dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To retrospectively analyze quantitative and morphological erythrogram abnormalities in dogs across different CKD IRIS stages.
  • To assess the relationship between anemia characteristics and CKD progression.
  • To identify specific red blood cell abnormalities associated with advanced CKD.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective evaluation of 482 complete blood counts (CBCs) from 3648 screened dogs.
  • Categorization of dogs based on International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) CKD stages.
  • Analysis of erythrogram parameters including red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and reticulocyte count.
  • Assessment of red blood cell morphology for abnormalities like anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, fragmented red blood cells, and Howell-Jolly bodies.

Main Results:

  • Anemia was present in 63% of dogs, predominantly normochromic, normocytic, and non-regenerative (98%).
  • A significant correlation was found between a poor reticulocyte regeneration rate and CKD progression (p=0.0001).
  • Anemia frequency and severity increased with IRIS CKD stages (p=0.0001), with stages 3 and 4 showing higher likelihood of moderate to severe anemia.
  • Anisocytosis was the most common morphological abnormality (60%), while poikilocytosis, fragmented red blood cells, and Howell-Jolly bodies were associated with CKD progression (p=0.009).

Conclusions:

  • Anemia is a prevalent finding in dogs with CKD, often characterized by a poor regeneration rate.
  • Advanced CKD stages are associated with increased frequency and severity of anemia, alongside morphological red blood cell alterations.
  • Morphological changes like fragmented red blood cells and Howell-Jolly bodies in advanced CKD may indicate reduced bone marrow activity and microangiopathy, mirroring findings in human medicine.