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Extraction: Advanced Methods

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...

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Factors Affecting Solubility

Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

Published on: May 18, 2018

High phosphate removal using La(OH)₃ loaded chitosan based composites and mechanistic study.

Shaopeng Zhang¹, Yi Zhang², Jie Ding²

¹Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China.

Journal of Environmental Sciences (China)

|July 2, 2021

Summary

Researchers developed a novel chitosan-based adsorbent, CS-La-N-20%, for efficient phosphate removal from water. This material demonstrates high capacity and stability, offering a promising solution for preventing water eutrophication.

Keywords:

Chitosan-nanocomposite Metal hydroxide Phosphate Quaternary ammonium

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Last Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

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Preparation of Expanded Chitin Foams and their Use in the Removal of Aqueous Copper

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Published on: February 27, 2021

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Materials Science
Chemistry

Background:

Accelerated eutrophication due to excess phosphate poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems.
Developing efficient and selective adsorbents is crucial for mitigating water pollution.

Purpose of the Study:

To prepare a novel biomass-supported adsorbent with high adsorptive capacity and selectivity for phosphate removal.
To investigate the adsorption properties and stability of the developed adsorbent for practical applications.

Main Methods:

Loading metal hydroxides (La, Zr, Fe) onto chitosan microspheres.
Introducing quaternary ammonium groups via polymerization to create modified adsorbents.
Evaluating adsorption capacity, selectivity, pH range, and stability through batch and column experiments.

Main Results:

Chitosan-La(OH)3-quaternary ammonium-20% (CS-La-N-20%) exhibited a high phosphate adsorption capacity of 160 mg/g.
The adsorbent maintained high adsorption efficiency in the presence of salt ions and over a wide pH range (3-7) with minimal La3+ leaching.
Column studies demonstrated a capacity of 1300 bed volumes and excellent stability over multiple adsorption/desorption cycles.

Conclusions:

CS-La-N-20% is a highly effective and stable adsorbent for phosphate removal, utilizing ligand exchange and electrostatic attraction mechanisms.
The developed material shows significant potential for practical applications in preventing water eutrophication.