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Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Real-time Video Projection in an MRI for Characterization of Neural Correlates Associated with Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain

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Movement-Related Cortical Potentials in Embodied Virtual Mirror Visual Feedback.

Gangadhar Garipelli¹, Tamara Rossy², Daniel Perez-Marcos¹

¹MindMaze SA, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Frontiers in Neurology

|July 2, 2021

Summary

Embodied virtual mirror visual feedback (VR-MVF) shows potential for balancing brain activity during movement. This technique influenced movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) in both healthy adults and a stroke patient.

Keywords:

cortical excitability electroencephalogram mirror therapy mirror visual feedback movement-related cortical potentials neurorehabilitation stroke virtual reality

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Published on: October 27, 2016

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Rehabilitation Medicine
Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

Mirror therapy aims to enhance interhemispheric communication for balanced brain activation.
Embodied virtual mirror visual feedback (VR-MVF) on a screen may replicate these effects.
Investigating VR-MVF's impact on movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) is crucial for understanding its therapeutic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effects of embodied VR-MVF on MRCPs during movement.
To compare brain activation patterns between direct and mirror visual feedback conditions.
To assess VR-MVF's influence on sensorimotor cortical activity in healthy adults and a stroke patient.

Main Methods:

Electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded from 16 electrodes in 13 healthy adults and 1 stroke patient.
Participants performed planar center-out movements with either arm under direct or mirror visual feedback conditions.
Movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) analyzed to assess hemispheric activation differences.

Main Results:

Mirror visual feedback resulted in more balanced MRCP hemispheric negativity compared to direct feedback in healthy adults.
The stroke patient exhibited reduced lateralized negativity in direct visual feedback conditions.
Mirror visual feedback enhanced bilateral negativity in the stroke patient's non-paretic limb condition.

Conclusions:

Embodied VR-MVF influences bilateral sensorimotor cortical subthreshold activity.
MRCPs reflect these influences during movement preparation and execution.
VR-MVF shows promise as a tool for rehabilitation in neurological conditions affecting motor control.