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Related Concept Videos

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview01:21

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Overview

491
Sample preparation is an essential step in the analytical process. It involves preparing a sample so that it can be analyzed accurately. The goal is to extract the analyte, the substance you want to measure, from the sample while removing any components that may interfere with the analysis. Sample preparation techniques vary depending on the physical state of the sample.
Bulk or large solid samples are typically reduced in size using grinding, crushing, or milling techniques to increase the...
491
Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques01:08

Sample Preparation for Analysis: Advanced Techniques

583
Accurate analysis of complex samples often requires advanced preparation techniques to achieve reliable and reproducible results. Samples containing inorganic or organic materials can be challenging to dissolve or decompose effectively. Standard sample preparation methods include acid digestion, fusion, dry ashing, and wet digestion.
Acid digestion with strong acids is commonly used to dissolve inorganic materials that are insoluble (do not dissolve) in water. This method can be useful for...
583

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow
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[Progress on the sample techniques and analytical methods for typical perfluorinated organic acids].

Jincan He1, Shiyun Zhang1, Yuyuan Su1

  • 1School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510310, China.

Se Pu = Chinese Journal of Chromatography
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are toxic environmental contaminants. This review details methods for their detection, aiding in setting monitoring standards.

Keywords:
analytical methodsperfluorochemicals (PFCs)perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)reviewsample preparation

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Toxicology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Context:

  • Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are prevalent perfluorinated organic acids.
  • These compounds exhibit significant toxicity, including hepatotoxicity, embryonic, reproductive, and neurotoxicity.
  • PFOS and PFOA are common degradation products of perfluorochemical precursors, leading to frequent environmental detection.

Purpose:

  • To introduce the characteristics of PFOS and PFOA.
  • To summarize and review sample preparation technologies and analytical methods for PFOS and PFOA detection.
  • To provide a reference for establishing monitoring and regulatory standards for these contaminants.

Summary:

  • This paper reviews sample preparation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, ultrasonic extraction, and QuEChERS.
  • Analytical methods discussed include chromatography-mass spectrometry, spectrometry, ELISA, and electrochemical methods.
  • The review highlights the lack of unified detection standards and less sophisticated analytical techniques in China compared to developed nations.

Impact:

  • Facilitates the development of standardized methods for PFOS and PFOA detection.
  • Supports environmental monitoring and risk assessment of these toxic compounds.
  • Aims to improve the analytical capabilities for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in China.