[Advances in sample pretreatment techniques for analysis of antibiotics in the coastal environment]

The widespread and massive usage of antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of diseases in human and animals have resulted in their continuous discharge into the environment, and finally, into the coastal environment through various pathways. Accumulation of antibiotics in aquatic organisms poses a great threat to ecological and human health, especially because it facilitates the generation and spread of bacterial resistance. Given the diverse range of antibiotics with various features, as well as their presence at low concentrations in the environment, it is imperative to develop pretreatment techniques for antibiotics in various matrices. In this paper, the pretreatment methods proposed in recent decades for antibiotics in coastal water, sediment, and biota are summarized, with emphasis on commonly used methods such as solid-phase extraction, solid-liquid extraction, matrix solid-phase dispersion, and QuEChERS. Additionally, the potential factors influencing the extraction performance and clean-up efficiency are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods and their development are finally discussed.