[Advances in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and its application to analysis of biological samples]

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a mini-extraction technology with merits of low cost, environment friendliness, and high extraction efficiency; moreover, this method is easy to operate and requires only a short operation time. In this paper, several extraction models, including normal dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, ionic liquid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, and ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, are reviewed according to the type of extraction solvents and dispersive methods. This paper also summarizes the application of DLLME to the analysis of biological samples in the last five years.