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COVID-19: individual and herd immunity.

Jean-François Bach1,2, Patrick Berche2, Lucienne Chatenoud1,2

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individual immunity to SARS-CoV-2 involves antibodies and T cells, distinct from the innate and adaptive responses crucial for healing. Herd immunity is a population-level mathematical property, not an individual trait, making its natural assessment challenging.

Keywords:
AntibodiesCOVID-19Herd immunityIndividual immunitySARS-CoV-2T lymphocytes

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits an immune response involving neutralizing antibodies and T lymphocytes targeting viral proteins like Spike.
  • The healing response includes innate immunity, particularly type 1 interferons, followed by adaptive cellular and humoral immunity.
  • Severe COVID-19 cases in individuals with interferon deficiencies or neutralizing antibodies underscore the critical role of type 1 interferons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate between immunity conferring protection against reinfection and the immune response involved in clearing an active infection.
  • To elucidate the distinct roles of innate and adaptive immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovery.
  • To define and contextualize the concept of herd immunity in relation to individual immunity and epidemic potential.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing knowledge on SARS-CoV-2 immunology.
  • Analysis of immune mechanisms contributing to protection against reinfection.
  • Conceptual analysis of herd immunity as a population-level mathematical property.

Main Results:

  • Individual immunity against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection is mediated by specific antibodies and T lymphocytes.
  • The immune response to active infection involves innate immunity (type 1 interferons) and adaptive immunity.
  • Herd immunity is a population dynamic, dependent on the proportion of immune individuals, rather than an individual biological characteristic.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the distinct arms of immunity is crucial for managing SARS-CoV-2.
  • Type 1 interferons play a vital role in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection severity.
  • Herd immunity is a theoretical construct difficult to precisely measure in real-world epidemic scenarios.