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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: Accurately Assessing Thyroid Hormone-Driven Motor Alterations in Mouse
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Thyroid Hormone Function in Small for Gestational Age Term Newborns.

Dinushan C Kaluarachchi1, Victoria B Nicksic1, David B Allen1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.

The Journal of Pediatrics
|July 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Term-born neonates who are small for gestational age (SGA) have higher thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels but not a higher incidence of congenital hypothyroidism. Further research is needed on long-term outcomes.

Keywords:
congenital hypothyroidismsmall for gestational agethyroid stimulating hormone

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Health
  • Endocrinology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Small for gestational age (SGA) neonates may have altered physiological development.
  • Thyroid function is crucial for neonatal development and long-term health.
  • Congenital hypothyroidism requires timely diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if term-born SGA neonates exhibit elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.
  • To determine if SGA neonates have an increased incidence of congenital hypothyroidism compared to non-SGA neonates.
  • To analyze the relationship between SGA status and thyroid function in term newborns.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of term neonates screened in Wisconsin (2015-2016).
  • SGA defined as birth weight <10th percentile using WHO growth charts.
  • Comparison of TSH concentrations and congenital hypothyroidism incidence between SGA and non-SGA groups.

Main Results:

  • 115,466 term neonates included; 9.96% were SGA.
  • SGA neonates showed significantly higher TSH concentrations and congenital hypothyroidism incidence.
  • Only elevated TSH remained significant after adjusting for confounding variables.

Conclusions:

  • Data do not support a higher incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in term SGA neonates post-adjustment.
  • Term SGA neonates demonstrated higher TSH concentrations compared to non-SGA peers.
  • Long-term studies are warranted to explore effects of mild thyroid dysfunction on neurodevelopment and chronic conditions.