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Experimental and simulation study of harmonic components generated by plane and focused waves.

Francesco Guidi1, Libertario Demi2, Piero Tortoli1

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Plane waves (PW) in ultrasound imaging generate higher harmonic amplitudes than focused waves (FW) in water. This nonlinear propagation effect is significant in PW, especially at greater depths and with larger array apertures.

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Area of Science:

  • Ultrasound physics
  • Nonlinear acoustics
  • Medical imaging technology

Background:

  • High-frame-rate ultrasound imaging increasingly utilizes plane waves (PW).
  • Limited experimental data exists on the nonlinear propagation behavior of PW.
  • Understanding nonlinear propagation is crucial for accurate ultrasound diagnostics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nonlinear propagation of plane waves (PW) from a linear array.
  • To compare harmonic generation in PW versus focused waves (FW) in water and biological tissues.
  • To analyze the influence of peak negative pressure (PNP) and array aperture on harmonic growth.

Main Methods:

  • Simulations and hydrophone measurements of PW propagation in water.
  • Comparison with focused wave (FW) propagation under identical conditions.
  • Analysis of fundamental and harmonic components of ultrasound beams.
  • Inclusion of simulations for propagation through blood and muscle.

Main Results:

  • PWs consistently produced higher harmonic amplitudes than FWs in water at comparable peak negative pressures (PNP).
  • At mechanical index (MI) = 0.2, PW second harmonic was 9 dB higher at 25 mm and 20 dB higher at 40 mm depth.
  • In simulations of blood/muscle, FW generally showed higher harmonics, but PW had higher second harmonics at low MI.
  • Increased array aperture enhanced harmonic growth more significantly in PW compared to FW.

Conclusions:

  • Plane waves exhibit greater harmonic generation than focused waves in water, particularly at deeper regions.
  • The nonlinear behavior of PWs in biological tissues is complex, but they can offer advantages at low mechanical indices.
  • Array aperture size is a critical factor influencing harmonic growth in PW imaging.