The multiple faces of the oxytocin and vasopressin systems in the brain

Classically, hypothalamic neuroendocrine cells that synthesise oxytocin and vasopressin were categorised in two major cell types: the magnocellular and parvocellular neurones. It was assumed that magnocellular neurones project exclusively to the pituitary gland where they release oxytocin and vasopressin into the systemic circulation. The parvocellular neurones, on the other hand, project within the brain to regulate discrete brain circuitries and behaviours. Within the last few years, it has become evident that the classical view of these projections is outdated. It is now clear that oxytocin and vasopressin in the brain are released extrasynaptically from dendrites and from varicosities in distant axons. The peptides act principally to modulate information transfer through conventional synapses (such as glutamate synapses) by actions at respective receptors that may be preferentially localised to synaptic regions (on either side of the synapse) to alter the 'gain' of conventional synapses.