[Chronic myeloid leukemia: aiming for treatment free remission]

BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) dramatically improve the chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) prognosis, and most CML patients in the chronic phase are now able to lead lives that are comparable to those of healthy individuals. However, the high cost and adverse effects associated with long-term treatment remain issues in the treatment of CML patients. At the setout, a clinical study involving the discontinuation of imatinib was conducted in France. Thereafter, several TKI stop studies of first-generation (imatinib) and second-generation TKIs (dasatinib, nilotinib) have shown an earlier response than that with imatinib. These studies revealed that almost 50% of CML patients who were treated with TKIs and achieved a certain period of sustained deep molecular response can stop TKIs safely and obtain sustained treatment-free remission (TFR). Adverse effects of TKI withdrawal and predicting factors for successful discontinuation including immunity are gradually becoming clear via these studies. For superior CML treatment, several promising agents, including ABL001, are being developed. I trust that these efforts will enable CML patients to maintain TFR in the near future.