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Seismic Slip-Pulse Experiments Simulate Induced Earthquake Rupture in the Groningen Gas Field.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Induced earthquakes, even small ones, can cause significant rock weakening. This study shows dynamic weakening in simulated fault gouges from the Groningen gas field, suggesting a mechanism for seismic events.

Keywords:
Groningen gas fielddynamic weakeningfault gouge frictionhigh‐velocity slip‐pulse experimentsinduced seismicitythermal pressurization

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Seismology
  • Rock Mechanics

Background:

  • Natural earthquakes exhibit dynamic weakening at high slip velocities, explaining large seismic events.
  • The occurrence of dynamic weakening during smaller, induced earthquakes (M3-4) with limited displacement remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate dynamic weakening in simulated fault gouges from the Groningen gas field under conditions relevant to induced seismicity.
  • To determine if rock friction decreases significantly during rapid slip events typical of induced earthquakes.

Main Methods:

  • Rotary-shear experiments were conducted on simulated fault gouges from source, reservoir, and caprock formations.
  • Experiments involved water-saturated gouges subjected to slip pulses (1.2-1.7 m/s peak velocity, 13-20 cm displacement) at 2.5-20 MPa normal stress.

Main Results:

  • Significant dynamic weakening (22%-81%) was observed within 5-12 cm of slip, varying with normal stress and gouge composition.
  • At 20 MPa normal stress, friction coefficients dropped from 0.4-0.9 to 0.19-0.27, likely due to thermal pressurization.
  • These results demonstrate substantial frictional instability in reservoir rocks under simulated induced seismicity conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic weakening occurs in Groningen gas field rocks during simulated induced seismic slip, even at dm displacements.
  • Thermal pressurization is a probable mechanism driving this weakening.
  • These findings suggest that similar frictional effects are crucial in induced seismicity within the Groningen and other reservoir systems.