Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

5.3K
Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
5.3K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

11.8K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
11.8K
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

2.4K
Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR...
2.4K
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

7.1K
The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...
7.1K
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

6.4K
Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
6.4K
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

12.9K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
12.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

[Therapeutic effects of Baitouweng Decoction on ulcerative colitis mice with dampness-heat syndrome via inhibiting CaSR-Gq/11-MAPK signaling pathway based on fecal microbiota transplantation].

Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica·2026
Same author

Safety and efficacy of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma with bile duct tumor thrombus: A single-arm, multicenter, prospective study.

Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT·2026
Same author

Retraction notice to "Polymorphisms of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-10, cytochrome P450 3A5 and ABCB1 in Chinese liver transplant patients treated with immunosuppressant tacrolimus" [Clinica. Chimica. Acta 383(1-2) (2007) 133-139].

Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry·2024
Same author

International experts consensus guidelines on robotic liver resection in 2023.

World journal of gastroenterology·2023
Same author

Up-Regulation of Donor Dendritic Cell PD-L1 Expression Reduced Recipient Lymphocyte Activation and Proliferation In Vitro.

Transplantation proceedings·2021
Same author

Overexpression of anillin is related to poor prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatobiliary & pancreatic diseases international : HBPD INT·2020

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Two Flow Cytometric Approaches of NKG2D Ligand Surface Detection to Distinguish Stem Cells from Bulk Subpopulations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
05:24

Two Flow Cytometric Approaches of NKG2D Ligand Surface Detection to Distinguish Stem Cells from Bulk Subpopulations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Published on: February 21, 2021

4.4K

NKG2D Enhances Double-Negative T Cell Regulation of B Cells.

Shi-Hua Hu1, Long-Hui Zhang1, Jie Gao1

  • 1Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Peking University Organ Transplantation Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|July 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Immature dendritic cells induce regulatory double-negative T (iDNT) cells, which suppress B cell activity. NKG2D expression enhances iDNT cell function, offering insights into immune tolerance and potential treatments for transplant rejection.

Keywords:
B cellsCD4+ T cellsCD4-CD8- double-negative T cellsMHC class IINKG2DTCRαβdendritic cells

More Related Videos

Isolation of Double Negative αβ T Cells from the Kidney
06:56

Isolation of Double Negative αβ T Cells from the Kidney

Published on: May 16, 2014

12.5K
Generation of Knock-out Primary and Expanded Human NK Cells Using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins
07:20

Generation of Knock-out Primary and Expanded Human NK Cells Using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

Published on: June 14, 2018

12.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 30, 2025

Two Flow Cytometric Approaches of NKG2D Ligand Surface Detection to Distinguish Stem Cells from Bulk Subpopulations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
05:24

Two Flow Cytometric Approaches of NKG2D Ligand Surface Detection to Distinguish Stem Cells from Bulk Subpopulations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Published on: February 21, 2021

4.4K
Isolation of Double Negative αβ T Cells from the Kidney
06:56

Isolation of Double Negative αβ T Cells from the Kidney

Published on: May 16, 2014

12.5K
Generation of Knock-out Primary and Expanded Human NK Cells Using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins
07:20

Generation of Knock-out Primary and Expanded Human NK Cells Using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

Published on: June 14, 2018

12.7K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Double-negative T (DNT) cells (TCRαβ+CD4-CD8-) are a regulatory T cell subset with debated origins.
  • Understanding DNT cell induction is crucial for immune tolerance research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanism of inducing regulatory double-negative T (iDNT) cells from nonregulatory CD4+ T cells.
  • To explore the role of dendritic cells (DCs) and MHC-II in iDNT cell induction.
  • To characterize the regulatory functions of induced iDNT cells, particularly their effect on B cells.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro induction of iDNT cells using immature (CD86+MHC-II-) and mature (CD86+MHC-II+) bone marrow dendritic cells.
  • Assessment of iDNT cell induction with and without anti-MHC-II antibody treatment.
  • Analysis of B cell apoptosis, proliferation, and plasma cell formation upon co-culture with iDNT cells.
  • Evaluation of NKG2D expression on iDNT cells and its impact on granzyme B release and B cell regulation.

Main Results:

  • Immature DCs, not mature DCs, efficiently induced iDNT cells.
  • Blocking MHC-II on mature DCs enhanced iDNT cell induction, suggesting MHC-II impedes induction.
  • iDNT cells inhibited B cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and reduced plasma cell formation.
  • NKG2D expression on iDNT cells correlated with increased granzyme B production and enhanced B cell regulation, potentially via NKG2D ligands on stimulated B cells.

Conclusions:

  • MHC-II negatively regulates iDNT cell induction, and iDNT cells may be MHC-independent.
  • NKG2D expression enhances the regulatory capacity of iDNT cells towards B cells.
  • This study elucidates a mechanism for peripheral immune tolerance induction and suggests potential therapeutic applications for chronic allograft rejection.